Age Discrimination And Unequal Treatment Social Work Essay Essays

Age Discrimination And Unequal Treatment Social Work Essay Essays Age Discrimination And Unequal Treatment Social Work Essay Essay Age Discrimination And Unequal Treatment Social Work Essay Essay As definition, age discriminationA occurs when person isA stereotyped andA discriminated because of the age. In general, it consist in a set of beliefs, attitudes, norms, and values used to warrant age based bias, favoritism, and subordination. On this footing, chronological age should non see as a parametric quantity for pigeonholing differences in life styles ( for illustration, work, survey, volunteering, caring, recuperating ) and fortunes ( for illustration, populating entirely or with others, wellness position, income group ) alternatively should be evaluated the person with the ain features. More in peculiar, age favoritism in entree to goods and services refer to a less favorably intervention without justification for a ground associating to the age, in regard to a individual to whom that ground does non use. Such less favorably intervention are really non legislatively prohibited neither under the Equality Act 2010 which chiefly refer to the age favoritism within the employment. In fact, the chief ordinances on both UK and European degree has been developed with respects to age favoritism within the employment field. In this manner is relevant Employment Equality ( Age ) Regulations which comes into force in October 2006 and was included in the subsequent Equality Act which replaces a figure of pieces of other statute law. Widen such protection beyond the working lives has become an of import intent for English Government and European community, in which researches are barely supported by the anti- age favoritism associations. Hence, it is arguable that a winning research inquiry should turn to: how and in which manner the deficiency of statute law against age favoritism in entree to goods and services penalizes, in U.K. , people over 60, sing prejudiced effects and economic sciences deductions that arise from a sort of society structured on a standardised population. It is likely just to state that in most instances, concern about age favoritism in the field of goods and services arose following on from argument about age favoritism in the field of employment. ( Age Concern et Al, 2004 ) Equality act 2010, is an English codification that prescribes equal intervention in entree to employment every bit good as private and public services, irrespective of the protected features. Age is one of the nine protected features listed by Equality act, for which are identify forbidden behaviors. However, age favoritism in the employment field could trust on national and European normative supports, despite the same favoritism outside the workplace is non presently improper. Age favoritism, unlike all other types of direct favoritism ( race favoritism, sex favoritism, etc. ) is possible to be justified on both direct and indirect favoritism on the footing of an individuated nonsubjective justification which has to be tested. Such justification is intended as a less prejudiced intervention available in a specific state of affairs. Therefore, this flexible proviso makes unclear the legal bounds of age equality and decently because of its justification in direct favoritisms it bec ame challenge define its confines. In this manner, age becomes the lone one of the protected features barely defended, and this happen particularly in the context of entree to goods and services in which any protection is provided. Despite this deficiency of protection ( and therefore deficiency of European and national statute law ) , the UK Government has knowledge that there is a important sum of grounds that older people are being treated in a prejudiced manner by those supplying goods and services . Through the research it will be demonstrated that older people s protection against favoritism will bring forth an classless state of affairs that will hold positive effects, non merely on the land of human rights, but besides on the land of national economic betterment facet. In fact, countries in which is common to happen age favoritism instances are frequently related to an unwillingness to put in readjustment which have the ultimate purpose to warrant ingestion besides by older people, and to pigeonholing. The latter one is frequently applied to avoid an equal entree to services ( fiscal services ) and an equal entree to goods in which alternatively should be encouraged consumers and subscribers to hold an active function in economic and societal life. In harmonizing with Equality Act 2010, mentioned above, the attack to this subject require to distinguish among age groups, intended as a group of people holding about the same age ( therefore, that portion the same protected featu re ) . For the present research was chosen the group of people over 60, in relation to the national statute law which refer to age 60 as a criterion retirement age. The purpose of the research is seek to understand and accordingly ban age favoritism in proviso of goods and services. Evidence of instances about such unjust favoritism are identified in different countries, as insurance, fiscal services, selling and the media, entree to public infinites, conveyances and modern engineerings. Observation of each field construction in relation to users that belong to the over 60 group and interviews to them, will bring forth indexs, which will be used for understand the weight of age favoritism in different fortunes. This indexs are non direct steps of the alteration introduced by the statute law or a direct effect of this. Alternatively they are indirect indexs of the job bing. In add-on to turn outing that such favoritism exist, it could be demonstrated that benefits such as better entree to services are indirectly proportionate to age favoritism in this Fieldss. A concrete illustration could be given by experience in disablement, intended as a prot ected feature at the same degree as age. In this manner, disablement could be frequently associated with older age. The Disability Discrimination Act ( DDA ) , prescribes that is improper for service suppliers to handle you less favorably because of your disablement, and they must do reasonable accommodations for you, such as giving you excess aid or altering the manner they provide their services. The same proviso does non be with respects to age. Therefore, a comparing with another protected feature could be used as index of a deficiency of the legal attack. Widen the same protection for people that are discriminated because they age should be arguable. In age favoritism exist common indexs of old people social-exclusion, while in other countries as computing machine and information engineering could be identified a peculiar disadvantage. Quality of lodging is a important job for older householders who frequently are non able both physically and economically to care about the house implying in this manner the decay of life premises. In fact, many older people require aid in modifying their places to enable independent life as a preventive attack to wellness. A grounds, the bing low of practical support services in advancing independency are DIY, aid after a infirmary stay, daily aid ( cleansing, meal readying ) , horticulture, transit, and befriending strategies. Even if some of this services are available there are fewer services available offering support for personal security and safety and fewer still delivered to cultural minority and religion groups. Insurance is a curious field in which age is a general standard in finding hazard of insured, with the consequence that some services are unavailable and others are prohibitively in relation to who is older than others. In fact, in booking a train ticket on-line in the UK, clients are advised to see themselves, but the insurance is merely available for people under 75 old ages old. Further, there besides appears that the most competitory insurance screen offers are those that are merely available online, and normally older people are non much confident with engineerings, particularly in utilizing on-line payment to use for an insurance. In fiscal services the age favoritism is widespread: reexamining regulators of fiscal service suppliers and their web sites is clear that the favoritism start from troubles in the entree to service. In this manner, barriers that older people face are related to knowledge spread and deficiency of acquaintance with modern-day signifiers of pull offing m oney ( on-line payment ) , disfavor in keeping a bank history or recognition card/s and a reluctance to inquire for aid ( in most of instances accounts are hard to follow because truly speedy and with the usage of new technological footings ) . In this manner, although Bankss do non overtly exclude older people from banking services in the manner that many insurance companies do, there is however a strong feeling among older clients that recognition is in fact frequently refused merely on the evidences of age. Some information services were besides concerned that in some cases, recognition was being extended to older clients, who did non hold equal agencies to refund the debt. With respects to Personal societal services, its outgo per caput on older people utilizing societal attention services has been lower than for other grownup client groups. Along with a figure of probes, this difference is taken as a possible index of age favoritism in the deployment of services. Finally, it co uld be argue that age favoritism grounds are found severally in direct and indirect favoritism: direct where age was being used as a placeholder for hazard, and people over a certain age were precluded from accessing fiscal services, entirely on the footing of their age ; indirect where the cheapest insurance offers were merely available online. The present research will follow a qualitative method, in which a realistic attack will be used to seek to understand possible discriminatory phenomena in the societal context of older people. In this manner, interviews and observations are of import instruments for apprehension, the roots of an age favoritism in entree to goods and services. Such qualitative survey will hold the intent of bring forthing apprehension , which will be hopefully used to make a legal attack that can contrast prejudiced state of affairss. To guarantee dependability in the quality of measuring, the scrutiny of trustiness of the informations collected by research worker will be a important measure. In peculiar, this attempt will be directed to understand if in connexion with some indexs, the older individual will endure a disadvantage, that will be related to a comparator in the same state of affairs, but non included in the same age group. In order to mensurate the cogency of prejudiced premises derived from indexs analysis, the usage of a comparator cold be a valuable resource. In fact, statute law already supply a definition of direct favoritism stipulating that an person Angstrom is straight discriminates if it treats another person B less favorably than it treats or would handle a comparator on evidences of B s age. The statute law do non supply the usage of comparators in indirect favoritism. However, the rule beyond the legislative dictate could be considered in order to obtain satisfactory consequences under cogency and dependability of the measuring s. The comparator s fortunes do non necessitate to be indistinguishable ( in footings of life attitudes ) , but must non be entirely dissimilar. In this manner, the two state of affairs obtained can be easy compared concentrating on different age, analyzing if such difference is efficaciously a cause of prejudiced intervention. Questions could originate in relation to how much of an age difference is needed between comparators. In this manner, the already developed statute law in the employment field aid to find the boundaries of age favoritism. In fact, frequently older people who face age favoritism are around or beyond the retirement age, which presume a lessening in incomes. This is related to a society s construction purely centred to the economic deductions, pigeonholing older people non as non adequate decisive consumers and subscribers to the economic and societal lives. For this ground the retirement age as a parametric quantity for chose the comparator seems equal. To run into the credibleness of the informations obtained, the consequences must be believable and defendable . in this manner, they could became object of opinion by the participant: a participant would acknowledge themselves in the consequence every bit shortly as it is sufficient generalizable. This grade of generalisation of the consequence will give the step of transferability. It could be enhanced depicting the age favoritism in entree to goods and services context underscoring the cardinal premises of the research, as the societal exclusion and the economic jobs that older people face. In this manner, the footings of the research are fixed in order to allow a winning transferability. However, another of import facet is measures the grade of stability of the constructs obtained. In order to gauge dependability, it should be tested whether the same consequences will be obtained if the same thing will be observed twice . The thought of dependableness, on the other manus, emphasizes the demand for the research worker to account for the ever-changing context within which research occurs. The research is responsible for depicting the alterations that occur in the scene and how these alterations affected the manner the research approached the survey. On this footing, it could be possible pull up the thought that older people are subjected to favoritism facing services and utilizing goods for which the component of age could find a different intervention. Therefore, the research could expect the sense of disadvantage and the economic effects that could originate from such different interventions in regard of other different age group s users. The chief lineation should be verify if the step of differences in entree to goods and services truly measures that prejudiced disadvantage. However, credibleness, neutrality, consistence and pertinence are indispensable standards in researching informations. For trial the cogency and dependability triangulation will be an of import measure. Triangulation is typically a scheme ( trial ) for bettering the cogency and dependability of research or rating of findings. Triangulation has risen an of import methodological issue in realistic and qualitative attacks to evaluation [ in order to ] control prejudice and set uping valid propositions because traditional scientific techniques are incompatible with this alternate epistemology . In this manner, the construct of combine methods is arguable for confirm and generalise the research. Actually, on the footing of the multiple perceptual experiences of world that will originate from interviews, triangulation will give the reading of the several informations beginnings. Prosecuting multiple methods, such as, observation, interviews and recordings will take to more valid, dependable and diverse building of worlds. In this manner, triangulation in age favoritism will affect several research workers of the informations at different clip or location, decently on the footing that the age group include different gender and different people with different backgrounds.

Target Corporation Brand Building Essay Example

Target Corporation Brand Building Essay Example Target Corporation Brand Building Paper Target Corporation Brand Building Paper Target Corporation is a developed company which focuses exclusively on general merchandise retailing. Our principal operating strategy is to provide exceptional value to American consumers through multiple retail formats ranging from upscale discount and moderate-priced to full-service department stores. According to msn.com, in the finance section, we found that Target is moving into the on-line business industry and targeting consumers to shop on-line. Also it states how many stores Target has and the range of general merchandise items. Target Corporation operates general merchandise and food discount stores in the United States, which include Target and SuperTarget stores. The Company offers both everyday essentials and fashionable differentiated merchandise. Targets credit card operations represent an integral component of its core retail business. The Company also operates a fully integrated online business, Target.com. It operates Target general merchandise stores with a range of general merchandise and a limited assortment of food items, as well as SuperTarget stores with a line of food and general merchandise items. Target.com offers a range of general merchandise, including many items found in its stores and a complementary assortment, such as extended sizes and colors, sold only online. As of February 2, 2008, the Company had 1,591 retail stores. As of May 3, 2008, Target opened 26 new stores, including 14 general merchandise stores and eight SuperTarget stores (msn.com). Company History Target Corporation is the fourth largest retailer in the United States. The company operates a total of 1,556 stores in 47 different states. Formerly Dayton Hudson Corporation, Target has three main retail divisions: Target Stores, Mervyns, and Marshall Fields. Target Stores is the number two discount retailer in the country, trailing only Wal-Mart Stores, Inc. Target has distinguished itself from its competitors by offering upscale, fashion-conscious products at affordable prices. The 1,225 Target stores generated 84 percent of Targets fiscal 2002 revenues. The store count includes Target Great-land units, which are much larger than the typical Target store. The Great-land stores average 145,000 square feet compared to the traditional 126,000 square feet of a regular store. Super Target outlets, which are combined discount/grocery stores, averaging 175,000 square feet. Generating 9 percent of 2002 revenues were Mervyns 267 stores situated in 14 states, primarily in the West, Southwest, and Midwest (specifically Minnesota and Michigan). Based in the San Francisco Bay area, Mervyns positions itself as a chain of moderately priced, family friendly, neighborhood department stores. Target Corporations full-service department store division, contributor of 6 percent of sales, is now consolidated under the Marshall Fields banner. The 62 Marshall Fields stores (which include locations that formerly operated under the Daytons and J.L. Hudsons names) are located in eight states in the upper Midwest, with the majority found within three metropolitan areas: Minneapolis, Chicago, and Detroit. Target Corporations philanthropy has been and still is legendary. In 1989 the corporation received the Americas Corporate Conscience Award for its magnanimity, and Target contributes more than $2 million each week to the communities in which its stores are located. Condensed Timeline In 1902, George D. Dayton opens Goodfellows in downtown Minneapolis. In 1962, The Dayton Company enters mass market discount merchandising with the opening of its first Target store in Roseville, Minnesota on May 1. In 1968, The Target bullseye logo is redesigned to its current appearance. In 1979, Target stores reach $1 billion in annual sales. In 1985, the weekly Target stores advertising circular becomes Americas second-most-read newspaper insert after the Sunday comics. In 1995, Target stores introduce its first store credit card. In 2001 the Target(r) Visa(r) is introduced. Today, all are part of the REDcardSM family of products. In 2000, The Dayton Hudson Corporation is renamed Target Corporation. In 2005, Target Corporation ranks among the top 20 corporate contributors in the nation, giving $2 million each week to the communities it serves. Target also celebrates reaching the $50 billion mark in annual sales. This year, Converse(r) One Star(r), a new and innovative collection of vintage-inspired clothing and footwear, debuts at Target. Mission Our mission is to make Target the preferred shopping destination for our guests by delivering outstanding value, continuous innovation and an exceptional guest experience by consistently fulfilling our Expect More. Pay Less.(r) brand promise. To support our mission, we are guided by our commitments to great value, the community, diversity and the environment 1. What products does the company offer? Target exclusively carries Sony products. They also carry Eddie Bauer, Tupperware, Calphalon and Waverly. They also carry the Mossimo brand, which at one time was upscale, cutting-edge surfwear. (Jeffrey Arlen) Target was able to extend the Mossimo brand and increase its popularity in the stores. The following is from Arlens article: Mossimo merchandise includes a range of on-trend styles that extend from stretch spandex/cotton wovens to board shorts and shoes. The lines design is edgy, playful and wearable, putting it in sync with Targets marketing proposition. And this is certainly a key to Targets success. The ads, the merchandise, the stores, its all integrated, and they keep raising the bar for other retailers, Corlett says. They offer a large variety of products from electronics to kitchenware, and from childrens clothing to personal hygiene products. Financial Targets financial history is found in Appendix D. Charts and a graph show the trend of Targets finances and also current trend for December 5, 2008, as shown in the graph. It looks like for the 2008 fiscal year, we would be looking at generating about $19 billion for the fourth quarter. If we look at the past two years, we see that the fourth quarter is around $19.7 billion or more. The total revenue for this fiscal year would probably be around $64.2 billion. It seems to us that Target has a strong financial backbone and even with the economy in its decline, they still show a profit and positive trend, especially in the retail industry. Threats and Opportunity Analysis The following assessment presents the Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, and Threats for the Target Corporation. It identifies the key internal and external factors that are important to achieving the company objective. The internal factors present the strengths and weaknesses internal to the company whereas the external factors are presented in the opportunities and threats to the Target Corporation. Strengths to Build Upon * Target is an innovation and influential retail store. Their mission statement focuses on four core goals: great guest service, clean stores, in stock merchandise and speedy checkout. These guidelines make up the culture of the fast, fun and friendly stores. * Target emphasizes on new ideas and exclusive products, such as Clear Rx. This invention has grossed the company over 7% of their total sales and contributes to about 33% of the guests. * Target is committed to having their location accessible to many of their current and potential guests. * Target has made agreements with top designers to sell their luxurious items at affordable prices for Target customers. An example of that is Victoria Secrets line of Gillian OMalley lingerie line that is sold at Target at affordable price. * In some states, the Police department use Targets Asset Protection systems to catch unlawful behaviors such as theft and monitor fraudulent activity. Weaknesses to Overcome * Target is not a global retailer, which means that they do not have a presence in countries worldwide. Therefore, they should look into traveling overseas, since their competitors like Wal-Mart are working internationally and boosting their revenues. * Pharmacy customers for Target account for 7% of their total sales and revenues but their turnover rate for Pharmacist is very high, since they work 12-hour a day shifts. This in turn affects their sales and customer satisfaction. Opportunities to Exploit * Target has a reputation for new product development and creativity. Target can build upon this reputation to penetrate new market in innovativeness and originality. * Like all its competitors, Target Corporation uses coupons to attract customers. Until recently coupons could only be used in store, but now the coupons can be used in store and online. With their company website and technological advancement such as the Internet, Target can move to the computer literate market segment thus leading to higher sales. * To take on competition plans, such as Wal-Mart, and focus on international markets. * New locations give Target an opportunity to be diverse in the market. More and more Target stores are attaching to trendy malls in different market segments. Threats to Overcome: * Most Target stores are located within 10 mile radius of their major competition. * In some markets, Targets prices are higher than their competitors. * Target stores that are not Superstores and do not possess a grocery department is a threat since their major competitor such as Wal-Mart are now implementing the majority of their stores into Super centers. IV. Marketing Strategy Market Segment The strategy is very clear; the company implements new products, grocery, and well known brands by using differentiation. This differentiation strategy allows Target to establish originality, away from the traditional discount retail stores. Quality products along with trend setting styles keep the big department store feel without having cheap products. The marketing strategy is to be identified as an upscale discount store with trend conscious products. John Geisse, who was a senior vice president and the originator of the discount store concept stated, We will offer high-quality merchandise at low margins, because we are cutting expenses. We would much rather do this than trumpet dramatic price cuts on cheap merchandise. Regular discount stores, such as Wal-Mart focus on price and low cost through products. Target has broken away from the general assumptions of discount stores. With Wal-Mart focusing on price and other retail stores struggling, the company has been unchallenged as a premium discount store. The company has developed a drive to be creative and innovative in their marketing strategy. The differentiation aspect of Target is to outperform on specific dimensions. The cleanliness of the store, shopping environment and overall experience the customer receives is part of the strategy (Lisanti, 2001). The focus is always on the consumer. Every merchandising decision is based on the commitment the company has to its target market. The company considers their customers as guests and wants their employees to treat them as such. The store attracts affluent customers with in-house brands and national products (Lebhar-Friedman, 2001). The target market is well educated with 48% of the consumers having a college degree and up to 80% that have attended college. The demographics of the target shopper has an average age of 41, and 76% of those customers are women. Most come from low to middle class income levels with an average of $63,000 per year. The customer base is family oriented with 45% having children currently living at home. The company segments the market by offering a wide range of products that are beneficiary to the consumer. The company is constantly evolving through changing tastes and trends of consumers. The creativity and vision is shown through the extraordinary merchandising and promotion. Every-day commodities are expressed through stylish images in magazine ads. Commercials on television are both whimsical and extreme (Arlen, 2001). The strategy behind such colorful promotion is to create a high brand position based on consumer perceptions. Target has high brand awareness, 97% of American consumers recognize the bullseye logo. The consumer awareness gives Target a competitive advantage against the competitors. Target wants to develop an emotional relationship with the consumers. Marketing strategies attempt to create a relationship between the consumer and the brand. Customer Insight By studying advertisements we were able to decide the customer insight for Target. Consumers believe that being trendy and diverse gives them a high social status and an upbeat positive self image. Target has taken the idea of following the latest trends and fashions and incorporated new sleek designs into daily ware and household goods (Arlen, 2001). The huge selection the company offers is diverse and gives consumers a sense or originality. Having a positive image is shown through the stores attitude and upbeat theme. The store associates are fast and friendly and are willing to assist the guests in any way possible. The dramatic dà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½cor in the store is designed to announce brand position. Aesthetics such as vivid colors and modern art entice consumers that Target is a premiere brand. Quality products at a reasonable price define social status without shopping at a regular discount store. Fun and cheerful commercials tell customers that Target can fulfill their self image. By evaluating customer insight Target has been able to understand and unlock consumer motivations. Key Brand Benefit Consumer Driven Strategy To determine the brand health of Target we interviewed 30 individuals using the task brief questionnaire. The industry category for Target is discount priced retail and supercenter stores. We profiled consumers at Target versus Wal-Mart by using the 4 As measurement scale. We recorded the attitudes and behaviors in a table located in Appendix A. As the table shows there is a difference in percentages between the two companies. The majority of Target customers are classified as adopters with 36 percent of the total sample base. The second highest category is acceptors with 23 percent followed by available. Surprisingly adorers and rejectors had the same percentage of consumers. Only 7 percent of the total sample base is considered an adorer. Wal-Mart on the other hand, has a higher customer base of acceptors, adopters, and adorers. Wal-Mart has 16 percent more adorers and rejectors is 3 percent less than Target. The result of the survey conducted shows the need for Target to set specific consumer goals. Table B in the appendix shows the result of the consumer driven strategy. Each of the consumer categories were divided up into percentages. Based on the number of consumption and the percent of consumers in each category, Target has great potential to develop a change in attitudes and behaviors. As of right now, adorers only represent 6 percent of the entire category after the number of consumption. Adopters have a much larger percentage of the majority with 71 percent. By changing the number of consumption per category and the attitude towards the brand, Target has an opportunity to increase brand commitment. The consumer goal for Target is to convert 10 percent of adopters to adorers by moving the consumer along the journey. By increasing the volume of adorers the total percentage of consumption will grow to 17 percent. The advantage to having more adorers is customer loyalty through repeat purchasing. Positive word-of-mouth will be spread to other consumer categories and perceptions will transform. Brand Essence Wheel Along with the consumer driven strategy we also surveyed the individuals about the facts and feelings that determine the brand image to the consumer using the brand essence wheel. Responses were subject to the rational thinking and emotional beliefs about the image of Target. We received a number of words used to describe the brand from the survey. Both positive and negative words were expressed along with some neutral feelings. Some of the terms used to describe the product include: quality, busy, creative, diverse, atmosphere, and cheap. The diverse use of language shows the different attitudes consumers have toward the product. When it comes to what the product does for the consumer the thoughts are slightly similar. The selection of Target consists of quality merchandise with style and reasonable prices. The store atmosphere coincides with the unique advertised themes. Target creates value to new ideas that attracts middle class consumers. Responses were distinctive when asked, how the brand makes me look. Individuals have an emotional viewpoint on how others perceive them. Target shoppers give the impression of being organized, comfortable and trendy. Upbeat and friendly attitudes are associated with the open selection the company has. The mindset of want it-need it is satisfied with the sense of having money. The final question referenced to feelings is consumers ability to recognize how the brand makes them feel through personal characteristics. Target makes a person feel smart, in-style, and equal to others. Equality is shown through social status and the luxurious taste the product gives them. Consumers relate high fashion models in the commercials to their own individuality. The inner part of the wheel is broken up into three sections. The first section is facts and symbols that connect the brand to peoples minds. Symbols are recognized by sight, repetition, and memory. The results of the survey had an assortment of language with the target symbol being the main theme. Expect more pay less slogan is widely known along with the catchy advertisements. Colors such as red and white, and the circled shape target are represented in every promotional endeavor. Consumers also associate the dog and cheerful music with the company. The second part is the personality of the brand. Target is both unique and self-aware of the impact it has on society. The brand is a people pleasure and is open and carefree with respect to others. Targets light-hearted personality creates a positive attitude and cheerful mentality. The brand characterizes humble, clean cut, yet has an edge with fashion and new trends. The final element for the brand essence wheel is the core. The core for Target is represented by value, customer and trend. The company is dependable with quality products and service which create value. The costs associated with the brand are reasonable and fair. Customers assess a value to the merchandise, and how much they would be willing to pay for it. Targets main focus is on the customer. Targets vice chairman Jerry Storch stated, Its all based on a clearly-defined customer, one which remains in the companys strategic sights even as it embarks on a new era of growth with its Super Target format (Lebhar-Friedman, 2001). Expressions such as cheerful, friendly and satisfaction are the result of the impact the brand has on the consumer. The layout of the store is designed specifically for consumers to maneuver throughout the different departments. Bold colors and sleek designs attract customers to the brand. The final core value is the trend. Trend is one of the core values becaus e of how much focus is emphasized on creativity and fashion. Encouraging new ideas and following trend lines is a part of the strategy at Target. The consumer associates trend with the brand because of the ever changing products and ideas that are implemented into the stores.

The Great Migration of African Americans from the South to the North Essay

The Great Migration of African Americans from the South to the North during the 1900's - Essay Example There seems to have been two instances where the African Americans migrated. First was between 1910-1940, following which it is considered that there was a second Great Migration, which was between 1940 and 1970. Most of the people seemed to have moved to California from places like Texas and Louisiana. This move is considered mainly due to the availability of jobs in the defense industry. The years 1965 until 1970, had seen a high number of people migrating from places like Alabama, Louisiana and Mississippi to other regions of the United States which fell under the Census. However the following year brought about a number of people moving back to their original destinations due to family reasons, or kinship ties. However post 1995 until 2000, places like Georgia, Texas and Maryland, attracted the highest number of college graduates. California was considered to be one of the highest and most gaining states for the black migrants however the later 1990s led California to loose more than gain African Americans. With the Emancipation Proclamation that had been signed earlier on in 1863, left merely 8 percent of the African American population left in Northeast and Midwest. Later on in 1900, almost ninety percent of the African American was seen to have moved out of the slave holding states to move into newer and better lives (Wesley, 1927). A number of the people had moved into places like Boston, New York, Baltimore, Chicago and many other smaller industrial cities. People wanted to take the cheapest rail ticket possible and for this they moved from places like Mississippi to Chicago. The years of 1910 until 1930s saw a rise in the African American population in Northern States and there was a rise of almost forty percent, this lead to a high level of urban tension, majorly because of the number of migrants of the African American and

There is 100 topics to choose from Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

There is 100 topics to choose from - Essay Example E-Learning is a type of education which helps the students to learn with the help of internet and computer. Individuals can access internet and enrol into courses through which they can gain knowledge. The ease of access to educational resources has improved the overall learning environment, while at the same time, there are a number of ethical, social and professional issues that have emerged in parallel with the emerging e-learning facilities as we shall discuss in the following lines. A question arises after reviewing the current situation in the world as to if ‘in the future will people still put pen to paper’ ? (Alan 2007; Rosenberg 2001). Discussion The widespread use of computers in our daily tasks like shopping, education and communication has created a ‘digital divide’ between those who use the modern technologies and those who for some reason or merely lack of interest do not use it. The effects of this ‘digital divide’ are so profound that the life patterns of the two classes show vast differences. Whether used in schools, universities or for professional training at work place, well planned and designed e-learning facilities greatly enhance the learning experience. ... However, while developing an e-leraning application for a college/university, one must consider the associated ethical, professional and social issues (Bruckman 2002; Adelsberger 2008; Rosenberg 2001). Stamatellos (2007) explains some of the ethical issues which are associated with the use of computers and internet in the fields of education, health and business. However, the focus of our study will be limited to the educational field. The ethical issues revolving around e-learning include: computer crime and security, Privacy and Anonymity, intellectual Property, Computer Reliability (Stamatellos, 2007). These ethical issues involve the security threats that exist while working on online databases. Some of these common threats include viruses, hacking software and programs, misuse of information and invasion of private material and illegal use of individual’s information. The laws related to intellectual property are also violated in the e-learning environment, mostly by the students. The plagiarism issue is one of the examples of those law violating activities. Students, teachers and other people are equally at a risk of violating such rights and laws. Computer reliability is another major factor which needs to be considered while designing, or implementing an e-learning application. Since, the data, information and important records are all stored in the computer memory and are uploaded on the websites; there are threats to those records and information. Computer memory is delicate and may be formatted easily. A virus, electricity problem or other issues may erase or end up in erasing the important information stored in computers. However, the information carried on the websites have external threats from hackers and law violators (Cross 2005; Welsh et al

'Discuss the geochemical cycle of the element sulfur' Essay

'Discuss the geochemical cycle of the element sulfur' - Essay Example Sulfur occurs in nature and it is also present in coal, crude oil, natural gas, oil shale and many other minerals. The most abundant of all sulfur is a compound of sulfur and iron called pyrite. Sulfur cycle is a major biogeochemical cycle of significance to climate and life on the planet earth. Living things require certain safe, low levels of this nutrient. It is an essential component of proteins and amino acids. All plants and animals require small amounts of sulfur to live. Plants obtain sulfur form soil. Many foods from plants including cabbage, onion, and soybean flour are rich in sulfur. Methionine a substance required in the human diet also contains sulfur. It is also present in the foods such as eggs, dairy products and meats. In nature sulfur exists in various forms such as elemental sulfur, sulfides, sulfites, sulfates, oxides of sulfur, etc. However the majority mainly occurs in the form of elemental sulfur, sulfides and sulfates. Early earth ecosystems with well developed sulfur cycles thriving in environments receiving reduced sulfur gases (and H2) from the mantle. Such environments might include recirculating hydrothermal systems as found in areas of ocean crust formation and places of active terrestrial volcanism. These environments were likely thermophilic to hyperthermophilic with primary production occurring by anaerobic photosynthesis when light was available. In the absence of light, organic matter production occurred by chemolithoautotrophic metabolisms utilizing H2 as the electron donor and oxidized species such as elemental sulfur (forming H2S) or carbon dioxide (forming methane) as the electron acceptors. Organic compounds were oxidized by the reduction of elemental sulfur and sulfate (chemoheterotrophic metabolisms), as well as by the fermentation of acetate, producing methane. Elemental sulfur was produced by the reaction between H2S and SO2, while anaerobic photosynthesis was an important source of sulfate. The evolution of

Different Views About Test Anxiety Psychology Essay

Different Views About Test Anxiety Psychology Essay Walter (2002) describes test as an intentional capacity to explore the interest level, information, ability and tasks achievement. According to Cronbach, (1980) a test is an organized method for weigh against the behavior of two or more people. According to (Cronbach, 1980) A test is an organized method for weigh against the behavior of two or more people. There are varieties of tests which include the following:- 1. Aptitude tests 2. Tests of developed abilities 3. Achievement tests 4. Mental ability tests And much other kind of tests are prepared and organized to evaluate the students abilities and academic performance. Aptitude tests are organized in order to look for the talent and passion of the students in the required field. Tests are also conducted for the skills to check that had been taught, on the other hand achievement tests are required to ,,,,,,,. Definition of Anxiety: Cohen, (1981) stated Anxiety as a basic human passion that was acknowledged even before 5000 years ago ,whereas The British poet W. H. Auden called the 20th the age of anxiety. Crooks and Stein (1988) say that Anxiety is described as feelings of worry, hesitation, nervousness and fear that go along with the commencement of the sensitive nervous system that arouses bodily changes like blood pressure, fast heart beating, perspiration, cramps etc. Test anxiety These days students are facing number of problems and one of the common problems faced by students is tests that cause anxiety. When students are afraid and feel that they will not be able to perform good in their exams that is test anxiety. Test anxiety is a major problem of students at undergraduate level. Students frequently undergo with anxiety that hold up students learning and test taking abilities to the level that students academic performance is affected badly. Students might have prepared efficiently and competent enough to take test but cognitive anxiety engages students in anxiety provoking thoughts such as fear of failure, or wish to do extraordinarily good, they perform poor. Every student want to score good in their exams.students works hard and puts in their efforts to attain their goal.few of students gets reward in terms of good academic performance and results for their efforts they have done but other students don t care about it.hence teachers and counselors making great efforts to help out their students to improve their grades and CGPAs. (Roberts Saxe, 1982) says that Anxiety influence people in different ways and situations. In educational environments, anxiety might have significant negative impact on cognitive performance, (Tremblay, Gardner, Heipel, 2000) presentation and achievement, (Lalonde Gardner, 1993) knowledge. Tests plays significant part in our everyday life. An important fact that tests have proven to raise strong anxiety and test anxiety has turned out to be a common modern problem (Spielberger Vagg, 1995; Sarason, 1959) Aderson, (2002) says Test anxiety is describes as a kind of anxiety of performance, a sensation that student have for the coming test, in which performance is essential to the person. Definition of test anxiety According to Zeidner, (1998) the set of physiological, phenomenological and behavioral retorts which go with related possible negative failure or results on a test or alike evaluative circumstances is called anxiety. Sarason, (1988) stated that Anxiety is a natural emotion which has fear and uncertainty that usually happens when a person feels any threat that will hurt his ego or self esteem. Set of phenomenological, physiological, and behavioral responses that accompany concern about possible negative consequences or failure on an exam or similar evaluative situation(Zeidner, 1998, p.17). Goonan (2003) stated test anxiety as test anxiety differs from general feelings of anxiety ,it is a specific form of psychological disorder that involves extensive amounts of fear, worry and fear of negative evaluation during or in anticipation of performance or evaluative situations(p.4). It has been defined by many authors, like Dusek (1980) Defined test anxiety as An unpleasant feeling or emotional state that has physiological and behavioral concomitants and that is experienced in formal testing or other evaluative situations.(p.88). Manifestations of anxiety: (Cohen, 1980), has given us four manifestations of anxiety, given as under: Somatic in physical responses 2 Affective in emotions 3 Cognitive in thoughts 4 Motor in actions In cognitive manifestations, it might fluctuate from little worry to fear. Brutal assault could take passion of awaiting disaster, obsession, faces difficulty in sleeping, lack of attention and taking decisions, In motor manifestation, behaviors are frequently exaggerated, worried students shows arbitrary actions that vary from trembling to shaking of the whole skeleton. Complete variety of behaviors like agitation, squirming, fits, nail biting, lip biting, and nervousness could be seen. In somatic changes,changes might come like trivial breathing, dry mouth, cold body, urination, heartbeat, blood pressure. cramps.etc (Antonovsky, 1980).say that Affective domain is the prominent anxiety manifestation. In this situation, students feel persistently nervous and anxious about threats, regardless of the fact thats things are going fine. Psychomotor and academic mistakes, mental performance, that can divert attention and remembrance, and all this occurs due to anxiety which has horrible impacts. However, it is stated by some psychologists verify that anxiety provide motivational purpose Facilitating and Debilitating effects of test anxiety. Meichenbaum Butler(1980) commented about the difficulty and complications of test anxiety and how it influence the students performance: We think test anxiety is more than physiological arousal, more than negative self preoccupation, more than poor study habits, and more than a deficit in stress-related coping skills. In fact, we think it is more than a combination of these factors (p.188). According to Hill Wigfeild (1984) say for many studies have been conducted on the consequences created by test anxiety on students performance. In addition, the connection between performance and anxiety is very significant and composite. Scovel, (1978) have explained two types of anxiety : Facilitating anxiety Debilitating anxiety Scovel (1978) further defines these two types of anxiety and says that facilitating anxiety arouses students to confidently handle the problems and troubles, and to welcome the challenges that come forth. Whereas debilitating anxiety seems to damage students learning results and weakens the required confidence.consquently students affected by debilitating anxiety seems to think inactively and shun failure. Students have Facilitating effects and debilitating effects due to test anxiety describes above. Tryon,(1980) says that Debilitating impact of test anxiety on learning in different cases seems to have spoiled the performance in tests due to test anxiety. Students come across with these debilitating impacts in various forms which damages the students performance in different ways, by worry, hesitation, disbelief and by dropping contribution Models of Test Anxiety There are two models of test anxiety that increases the spectrum of test anxiety. Two models were developed to report the causes of test anxiety. The interference model The skill deficit model. The Interference Model In interference model (Wine 1980; Sarason 1986) says that students having high levels of test anxiety hinder the capacity to recollect the learned information. Interference model covers the Cognitive feature of test anxiety. Benjamin et.al., (1981) described that students have definite ability of processing data and test anxiety may hinder students concentration to use their energy on the retrival of material that they have learned in the testing situations. When the test anxiety will reach to its peak, it will absorb the students processing ability, which will take up the ability that is needed for the tasks. When students dont have the ability of cognitive processing they needed on the spot, it means that the ability has been taken up by the anxiety that interferes learning. Sarson (1984) says that A cognitive interference may be the key factor in lowering the performance of highly test anxious people (p.931). Tobias (1980), says that as students are influenced by cognitive test anxiety, which results in to distract their attention and requires more ability to utilize educational skills. Therefore such kinds of reasons are ascribed to students feeling anxious and it might reduce students performance. Learning is not a problem rather interference with recovery. Wine (1980) says that students having high test anxiety among cognitive ability among giving attention to the task and the attention is given to the cognitions that are not relevant with the task. Both of these factors hinder the capacity to recall and confined the capacity to employ in organized thinking . These points might give description why students by high test anxiety can normally do better on objective/MCQ than on subjective exams where the earlier needs to recall less. Benjamin et, al., (1981) and Tobias (1985) experienced that capable and intelligent students might have done their preparation, yet they will encounter high test anxiety, that confine the thinking process, hinder recalling materials and inhibit to use the techniques to perform well on test. The Skills deficit Model: Hill Wigfields (1984) skill deficit model does not have any direct relationship with test anxiety at first look. Though it tells what activate and produces test anxiety. It permits to know the connection of skill deficit model of test anxiety and poor academic performance. Rather believing that ability to recover data is affected due to interference model, skill deficit model have different point of view.indeed, this gives us the view that students poor academic performance is ascribed with the poor test preparation in learning skills or due to lack of test taking abilities. Hill Wigfield (1984) proposed that the skill deficit model offer reasonable explanation on unforeseen performance of students .the skill deficit model engages two kinds of deficits that endanger the performance of the students, one of them is Learning ability and the second one is Lack of test taking ability. Poor results in academics performance is due to Unsatisfactory preparation before tests came, causes.in addition acquisition problems,problems in remembering and memorizing or retrieving data at initial place. Whereas lack of ability to attempt the test also put in high test anxious students to perform poor ,although students are conscious of their inability of taking test. The skill deficit model says that students with high test anxiety faces problems in learning and arranging learning materials and that gives poor results in performance. (Tobias 1985 ; Naveh -Benjamin, McKeachie and Lin 1987; Birenbaum and Pinku 1997). In spite of, giving different explanations, the skill deficit and interference models may be balancing for each other(Tobias 1985; Birenbaum and Pinku 1997 ).they have suggested different kind of students in addition with different levels of test performance. Students having good learning and organizing abilities, together with low test anxiety ought to do good as they have learned the tests and they do not come across with the difficulty to recall. Whereas other students have the capacity and they learn the test but could not recall in evaluative situations and settings, and when tasks requires more cognitive capacity than they have. yet other fall short to learn and organize materials thats why they perform poor whether they are in test situation and test design. Most of the researchers who hold this model (e.g. Wittmaier, 1972; Desiderato Kokinen, 1969; Culler Holahan, 1980) say those students who show poor academic performance are because of their bad study habits and lack of interest in preparing for their exams. These kinds of students are conscious enough of their study behavior thats why they dont expect good results. These kinds of attitudes amplify anxiety which results in poor academic performance. When students see their academic skills are in enough, they feel anxious and show poor performance. Levels of Test Anxiety: Swanosn and Howell (1996) define the three levels of test anxiety given as under: Low levels test anxiety Moderate test anxiety High test anxiety Spielberger and Sarason,( 1989) further states about the high level test anxiety that helps in the growth the students with low inspiration, lacking academic abilities, lacking use of different techniques for taking test, hopelessness, cheating, carelessness, and thinking negative about himself and lack of attention. It is said students with both high and low levels of test anxiety show good academic performance whereas students with moderate anxiety level perform well. Spielberger and Sarason,( 1989) view and identified three levels of test anxiety .John and Kenneth (1982) says ,students with high level test anxiety badly get in the way with all kinds of performances,and normally students with moderate and low level anxiety helps in improving performance. Components of Test Anxiety (Sarson sarson, 1990) has stated three main components: Cognitive Affective Behavioral Cognitive component: In cognitive view, students having test anxiety due to absence of self confidence.they are surrounded by negative feelings, and feeling incapable of their educational ability and academic skills.(Zeidner, 1998) adds and says, students mostly exaggerate the possible negative results and undergo self-reliant in testing situations. if students want to have good results they should avoid negative thinking. Affective component: In affective view, (Zeidner, 1998) Test anxiety raise some physiological reactions like, fast heart beating, nausea, urination and raises perspiration, stretching of muscles, feeling thirsty, shivering and cold hands. With physiological reactions, emotions like failure threat, worry, might be there. When students are fail to manage their emotions, they feel pressure, tension, fear, thus create more hard and tricky for students to focus. The bodily signs that students feel when they are going through anxiety are linked with the supposed responses to fear and tension. Important physical functions like heart beating, breathing, or rapidity of other body functions, saliva secretions, flow of blood. Students undergo different kind of physical feelings together with nausea, vomiting, cramps in body, feeling dizzy, shivering, and stiffness of joints. Behavioural component: Behaviorally test anxious students states anxiety through reluctance and ineffective learning and test taking ability. Zeidner (1998) says that might test anxious students take more time and problem in assessing information or feel tired during test because of weak students or they are weak in health. State and Trait Anxiety: Spielberger(1972-1983),gave the concept of state and trait anxiety .He described state anxiety as Transitory emotional state or condition of the human organism that is characterized by subjective, consciously perceived feelings of tension and apprehension, and heightened autonomic nervous system activity. Spielberger further states about trait anxiety that Trait anxiety denotes relatively stable individual differences in anxiety proneness and refers to a general tendency to respond with anxiety to perceived threats in the environment.(48) School psychologists have been using state and trait anxiety in 21st century which was introduced by Spielberger in 1972.State anxiety means when horrible feelings and emotions of fear are aroused in danger, whether mentally or bodily. State anxiety is assumes a cognitive insight and judgment of danger, so as to students should know at a stage that particular situation is dangerous. Normally youngsters undergo less anxiety once they are out of hectic occasion is gone. On the other hand, trait anxiety is characteristic of a personality, an ability to encounter state anxiety when came across any difficult situation and danger. but this is different and varies from person to person. Eysenck and Eysenck (1991) describes that high level trait anxiety is strongly associated to neuroticism Terry (1998) tells about the numerous symptoms that shows students test anxiety. following is the symptoms of test anxiety. Emotional reactions such as crying, sensitive hair trigger responses, irritability, excess giggling, sudden changes of expression and general unrest. Bodily manifestation like stomach aches, headache, urination, fatigue, abundant sweating. Dangerous behaviors, like, carelessness, and self defamation. Anxious symptom, such as edgy marks, biting nail, too much blinking, hair chew, finger sucking, swinging action. Misconduct and violence, like breaking pencils, shows anger, slangs language is used, fighting, hounding and destructiveness. Bad exertion routine, for example, day-dreaming, incompetence, dishonesty and absence of attention. Looking for attention: adolescent behaviors, looking for appraisal and positive remarks, demands for attention, construction of weird stories, nonstop curiosity and asking about things around, stick to the teacher, performing. Causes of test anxiety: On the self-defeating consequences of subjective cognitions (Ellsworth Smith, 1988; Lazarus, 1991) suggest that poorer self-beliefs are a major cause of test anxiety. Perceive examinations as more dangerous or threatening and experience more intense levels of state anxiety when taking tests (Spielberger Vagg, 1995, p.6). D Arcylyness, (2004) outlined the following as the causes of test anxiety: a. Lack of preparation by 1 Cramming the night before the test 2 Poor time management 3 Failure to organize test information 4 Poor study habits b. Worry about the following: 1. Past performance on examination 2. How friends and other students are doing 3. The negative consequences of failure. The effects of anxiety on different situations: In different ways the anxiety influences on different kind of human beings. According to Roberts Saxe, (1982) anxiety may affect cognitive functioning badly in any kind of academic setting. Lalonde Gardner, (1993) includes that learning might be affected by anxiety where as Tremblay, Gardner, Heipel, (2000) state that anxiety may affect on performance and success. During specific situation when the manners of apprehension, tension and dread are perceived consciously, it is called General state anxiety which is also called physiological arousal (Endler Kocovski, 2001). Wine (1980) says that the effects anxietyon performance is prominent because of having unbearable impacts on cognitive process. Tremblay, (1998) argues that mostly people are affected through cognitive biases with General trait anxiety which is a firm tendency towards anxiety.Class and test anxiety along with statistics anxiety come into the vast umbrella of Trait anxiety in the view point of (Walsh Ugumba-Agwunobi, 2002). 2.1 Cognitive Style Thinking and perceiving, problem solving and remembering , all these types of actions are considered under the umbrella of cognitive style as has been described by McKay, Fischler Dunn, (2003) as are considered to be trait-like, relatively stable characteristics of individuals, whereas learning strategies are more state-drivenà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ Cassidy (2004) states that there are many cognitive style typologies from which we give preference to Ridings Cognitive Style Analysis [Riding,2001] because of more vital implications. According to Sadler Riding, (1999) construct of cognitive is more important whether learning style has less importance. The real mode of information processing, cognitive style and their mutual relationship is significant and strengthened to a large extent. 2.2 Cognitive Processing Efficiency The cognitive processing parameters (Demetriou Kazi, 2001; Demetriou et al., 1993]) that have been included in our model are: a- Control of processing (to indicate the relevant and irrelevant information) b- Speed of processing (speed in the given instruction might be accurately executed), c- Working memory span (to hold and integrating different information till the solution of a problem) d- Visual attention (based on the empirically validated assumption that when a person is performing a cognitive task while watching something). According to Baddeley, (1992) all these tasks are measured in shortest possible time span while the working memory span test focuses on the visuospatial sketch pad sub-component and this all is done comfortably. 2.3 Emotional Processing Emotional processing consists of two types: Emotional Arousal: The capability of human being to feel and experience specific emotional circumstances, Emotion Regulation: The process of having perception and control of individual over his emotions. In the view point of Cassady (2004), anxiety is the major thing in the term of behavior which indicates the arousal of various kind of emotions and it has strong relation with academic performance. Also, it is related with performance in computer mediated learning procedures (Chang, 2005; Smith Caputi, 2007). Users trait anxiety could be measured (Spielberger, 1983), and their application specific anxiety, which in the case of e-learning is named as Cognitive Test Anxiety (Cassady Johnson, 2002) In the term of construct of emotional regulation used by us also comes into the concepts of Emotional Control (emotional management, self-awareness, self-motivation)à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ (Goleman, 1995; Salovey Mayer, 1990), and Self Efficacy (Bandura, 1994), Emotional Expression and Emotional experience (Halberstadt, 2005). Lekkas et al, (2007) argues that we can evaluate the affectional responses of enhancing and lessening the learning abilities through measuring the levels of Anxiety with emotional regulation. Factors of Test Anxiety: According to competitive anxiety research (Gould et al., 1984; Burton, 1988). Cognitive (worry) anxiety factor has strong imprints on the achievement of the student then the somatic (emotionality) component. Test anxiety has two main components described by Liebert and Morris (1967) that is worry and emotionality. Worry is conceived as cognitive importance related to tests and test performance. These concerns revolve in the region of negative cognitions, like fixation with the test results and performance. Strong negative penalties like failure, underachievement and evaluation of students skills to others. Academic performance: Phillips and Endler, (1982) say that Academic performance usually depends on students how they make their connections with the academic environment. It is believed that students who are intelligent will be relaxed and less threat full .But these students do have fear of examination. Okebukola and Jegede, (1989) its teachers responsibility to prepare their students to show good academic results as well as to enable them to respond to different academic needs that has impact on academic performance. Relationship between anxiety and academic performance: Roberts Saxe, (1982) say that Anxiety influences people in different ways and situations. In educational environments, anxiety might have significant negative impact on cognitive performance, (Tremblay, Gardner, Heipel, 2000) presentation and achievement, (Lalonde Gardner, 1993) knowledge. Endler Kocovski, (2001) stated that Common state anxiety is a physical stimulation and a deliberately supposed way of hesitation, fear, and stress through a particular moment. (Wine, 1980) describes that, this influence the performance as it has strong effects on cognitive course. Tremblay, (1998) Cognitive biases influence people with common trait anxiety, a steady tendency towards anxiety. Than it have an effect on people who are not anxious. According to Scovel (1978) there is a positive connection between performance and test anxiety. Test anxiety is in fact useful and facilitating as students remained alarmed and conscious. McDonald (2001) describes more connection between levels of performance and test anxiety that will show the arch like a reversed U figure, showing to the best anxiety point. It could be said that when anxiety reaches to the best quantity, it could produce constructive results known to us as facilitating test anxiety. This type and amount of anxiety is useful for students to give attention to their work, and feel himself completely challenged. In contrast, over and small test anxiety will produce tension, constant worry, anxiety and strain or students reluctance, will result in poor performance. Test Anxiety in relation to gender (sex) Research on students educational performance has received significant concentration. Number of researches had been done in the area on the level of anxiety on test anxiety between female and male students academic performance. Walsh, Engbreton and O Brien (1988) performed two researches at the same time to identify whether there is relationship between test anxiety and academic performance as it influences the gender. Researcher collected the data and the Sample were consists of (57 females 46 males,) and total 103 undergraduate students for first research and (52 females 42 males) and total 94 undergraduate students for the second research. Test anxiety findings were correlated with the students Grade Point Averages (GPAs). When the data was analysis, there was negative correlation present between test anxiety and academic performance. Thus negative relationship was found which was more for females and less for males. Daniels and Hewitt (1987), finds if there is correlation between academic performance and test anxiety with gender view. The sample was composed of data (21 males 27 females) and got their scores of test anxiety. When data was examined, it was found that females had high test anxiety as compared with males however they didnt find any major variation of gender in respect of the negative correlation between academic performance and test anxity.it means,that test anxiety has unpleasant effects on academic performance but it didn show any major affect of one gender more than the other. The findings have shown that females undergo high test anxiety as compare to males when measure their test anxiety ,like wise Sarason (1987),Spielberger(1980) and taylor (1998) have found that females have scored high mean score on test anxiety when compared with males.

Net Present Value and Papa Geo

Papa Geo’s – Restaurant Budget Proposal For 2012 – 2017 BUSN-278 [Term] Professor[name] DeVry University ————————————————- Table of Contents Section| Title| Subsection| Title| Page Number| 1. 0| Executive summary| | | | 2. 0| Sales Forecast| | | | | | 2. 1| Sales Forecast| | | | 2. 2| Methods and Assumptions| | 3. 0| Capital Expenditure Budget| | | | 4. 0| Investment Analysis| | | | | | 4. 1| Cash flows| | | | 4. 2| NPV Analysis| | | | 4. 3| Rate of Return Calculations| | | 4. 4| Payback Period Calculations| | 5. 0| Pro Forma Financial Statements| | | | | | 5. 1| Pro Forma Income Statement| | | | 5. 2| Pro-Forma Cash flow Statement| | | | 5. 3| Pro-Forma Balance Sheets| | 6. 0| Works Cited| | | | 7. 0| Appendices| | | | | | 7. 1| Appendix 1: [description]| | | | 7. 2| Appendix 2: [description] etc| | * 1. 0 Executive Summary 1. 0 Executive Summary * * T his budget proposal is for the starting and running of a single location, sit-down Italian restaurant named Papa Geo’s.The restaurant would be located in Orlando, Florida and would majorly target middle to lower-middle class families with children, as well as adults and seniors, thus making it a friendly and family place. The major product and service provided by the restaurant would be Italian food served buffet style with an all-you-can-eat format with a lot of variety including a salad bar, pizza, several different types of pasta with three or four types of sauces, soup, desserts, and a self-serve soda bar. There would also be a gaming area within the restaurant with gaming machines installed which would be of interest to children.The business would provide wholesome and fresh food, in a simple format, with very good prices and is located in a densely populated area, all of which would help the restaurant to do well and establish itself as a popular and profitable business . * * * Also, provide a second paragraph which describes how the budget supports the company’s strategy. * * Finally, provide a third paragraph where you summarize the key points from your budget, including the planning horizon, the amount of up-front investment, the NPV, Payback and IRR of the project, as well as key figures from your income statement, cash flow statement, and balance sheet. * Remember, this is not a thesis or introduction of what you will talk about – it contains the major, specific content of each section. The second and third paragraph should be written after you have completed all other sections of this template. * * As you complete sections of this template, please remove all italicized text in all sections of this template and replace it with your own or you will lose points! * * 2. 0 Sales Forecast 2. 0 Sales Forecast * * This section forecasts the sales of Papa Geo’s restaurant over a five-year period.Section 2. 1 gives the estimated sa les figures and a brief explanation on the changes in these figures over the planning period. * Section 2. 2 delves into the details of how this sales estimate has been arrived at, calculations involved and the methods and assumptions used in the process. * Overall, this section is useful is providing an estimate of how much the restaurant can make in sales, given its internal specifics and external environment. * 2. 1 Sales Forecast * * The yearly sales forecast for Papa Geo’s restaurant is given below.In $ | Year 1 | Year 2 | Year 3 | Year 4 | Year 5 | Sales | 933,504. 00 | 1,555,840. 00 | 1,616,517. 76 | 1,679,561. 95 | 1,745,064. 87 | * My methods and assumptions for arriving at the sales figures in the table are detailed in section 2. 2 The sales figure estimated per my calculations is taken as the sale figure for Year 2. This is because the sales figure arrived at from the calculations cannot be assumed to be sales for Year 1 as the restaurant might not be able to reali ze its full potential and attract the estimated number of customers from day one itself.Also, teething problems with marketing, operations etc might not lead to optimum sales. Therefore, we will project only 60% of this figure as first year sales and use the estimated figure as the sales figure for Year 2. Over the planning period, starting from Year 2 onwards, sales are expected to grow at a rate of 3. 9% every year, in line with industry estimates of the average growth of the restaurant industry in the US (Source: Mintel International, cited in section 6. 0). * * 2. 2 Methods and Assumptions * According to the brief given on Papa Geo’s restaurant, there are about 10,000 families living within 15 minutes of the restaurant. Of these, between 3% and 5% are rich households (Phoenix marketing international, Wikipedia) and it is assumed that another 15% comprise of high income and upper middle class households. That leaves about 80% of the 10000 families in the area,that are the target market for the restaurant. * * According to a research paper (in restaurant. org), American families eat out about 4 times a week.However, considering that our target market comprises of mostly middle and lower income families, I’ve assumed that they eat out only about 2 times a week on an average. This means that, about 16000 families [(80%*10,000)*2] eat out in a week in that area in Ohio, Florida. * * In terms of competition, although it is mentioned that McDonalds, Taco Bell and Wendy’s operate in the area, we assume there are other small places that people might visit to eat out. Also, people might venture out beyond their areas to eat out.Keeping these in mind, we’ve assumed that these four places (Papa Geo’s, McDonald’s, Taco Bell and Wendy’s) will be able to capture only about 85% of these families. (16000*85%=13600/week). Of these four places, since the others are fast food and fast food restaurants generally command a larger footfall than other format restaurants we assume the following about their share in the pie of families: Taco Bell: 30%, McDonald’s: 30%, Wendy’s: 30% and Papa Geo’s: 10% * * i. e, Papa Geo’s can expect to capture 1360 (10%*13600) families per week.Since this is a family dining place, we make another assumption about the composition of the family. We assume that out of a family of 4, two are kids and two adults. Which means that about 2720 (1360*2) kids and 2720 adults (1360*2) will eat from Papa Geo’s per week. * * Given that a meal (including drinks) cost about $7, we make the following assumptions: * Adults visiting the restaurant will have meals (@ $7), on an average. * Kids visiting the restaurants with their families will make a bill of about $4 per head. Given this, we now estimate the weekly sales for adults and kids. Therefore, d * Sales from Adults per week: 2720*7 = 19040 * Sales from Kids per week: 2720*4 = 10880 * * Now, the total sal es (both adults and kids, as part of families) per week can be estimated at: 19040+10880 = $29920 * Therefore, average sales per year = 1,555,840 * The sales figure estimated by these calculations is taken as the sale figure for Year 2. This is because the sales figure arrived at from the calculations cannot be assumed to be sales for Year 1 as the restaurant might not be able to realize its full potential and attract the estimated number of customers from day one itself.Also, teething problems with marketing, operations etc might not lead to optimum sales. Therefore, we will project only 60% of this figure as first year sales, and use the estimated figure as the sales figure for Year 2. Over the planning period, starting from Year 2 onwards, sales are expected to grow at a rate of 3. 9% every year, in line with industry estimates of the average growth of the restaurant industry in the US (Source: Mintel International, cited in section 6. 0). * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * 3. C apital Expenditure Budget 3. 0 Capital Expenditure Budget * * Capital Expenditure Budget: * Item| Cost| Quantity| Total cost| Source| Notes and Assumptions| Cost of registering a business| 300| | 300| ehow. com| Cost of registering includes: actual cost of registering ($70), legal fees and misc expenses (approx $230)| Renovation of facility| 15000| 1| 15000| Given| This includes all kinds of beautification etc that the restaurant needs to start operations| Soda fountain bar| 3621| 1| 3621| Soda-dispenser. om| Prices quoted may or may not be the same at later dates| 2 pizza ovens| 849| 2| 1698| ebay| Prices quoted may or may not be the same at later dates| salad and Pizza/dessert bar| 1450| 1| 1450| ebay| Prices quoted may or may not be the same at later dates| Commercial Refrigerator| 3529| 1| 3529| Coldtechcommercial. com| Prices quoted may or may not be the same at later dates| Cash Register| 170| 2| 340| ebay| Prices quoted may or may not be the same at later dates| Video game ve nding machine| | | | | |Type 1| 550| 2| 1100| ebay| Prices quoted may or may not be the same at later dates| Type 2| 750| 2| 1500| ebay| Prices quoted may or may not be the same at later dates| Laptop for management| 275| 1| 275| ebay| Laptop purchased with Warranty, Price quoted may or may not be the same at later dates| desk for mgmt| 25| 1| 25| ebay| Prices quoted may or may not be the same at later dates| Staff Microwave| 319| 1| 319| ebay| Prices quoted may or may not be the same at later dates| Staff cupboard| 100| 1| 100| Assumed| | taff refriferator| 700| 1| 700| ebay| Prices quoted may or may not be the same at later dates| Tables for the restaurant| 279| 20| 5580| tableschairsbarstools. com| Prices quoted may or may not be the same at later dates| Chairs for the restaurant| 55| 80| 4400| restaurant-services. com| Prices quoted may or may not be the same at later dates| Busing cart for restaurant| 50| 1| 50| ebay| Prices quoted may or may not be the same at later dates| Com mercial dishwasher| 2500| 1| 2500| ebay| Prices quoted may or may not be the same at later dates| Restaurant signage| 124| 1| 124| brightledsigns. om| Although this is a form of advertising, this wouldn't be considered as an operating cost given the long term (more than a year) nature of its use| Total|   |   | 42611| | | * * The above table provides an estimate of the capital budget required for Papa Geo’s restaurant. For each item, sources and assumptions used are explained towards the right side of the table. Other generic assumptions beyond those already mentioned are provided below: * Miscellaneous cooking and handling equipment cost will be considered operational expenses and will not be capitalized given the short term (less than a year) use of such assets.Cutlery, drinking cups etc would be considered to fall into the same category| * The total cost of registration is considered as capital expenditure due to its long term nature of use| * Any fixtures like lightin g etc are considered as operational expenses and will not be capitalizedThe total capital budget required is US$ 42,611. Major component of this budget are renovation and equipment costs, which is true of restaurant businesses. | * * * * 4. 0 Investment Analysis 4. 0 Investment Analysis * 4. 1 Cashflows * Year 1| Year 2| Year 3| Year 4| Year 5| Sources of Cash| | | | | | Total income (from food and vending machines)| 9,38,944 | 15,61,492 | 16,22,390 | 16,85,664 | 17,51,404 | | | | | | | Uses of Cash| | | | | | Cost of Food| 282880| 294195. 2| 305963. 008| 318201. 5283| 330929. 5895| depreciation on equipment| 3069. 2| 3069. 2| 3069. 2| 3069. 2| 3069. 2| Salaries| 348636| 362581. 44| 377084. 6976| 392168. 0855| 407854. 8089| employee benefits| 21887. 2| 22762. 688| 23673. 19552| 24620. 2334| 25604. 92827| utilities| 24000| 24000| 24000| 24000| 24000| credit card fees| 23,473. 60 | 39,037. 30 | 40,559. 76 | 42,141. 59 | 43,785. 11 | inventory holding costs| 2,347. 36 | 3,903. 73 | 4,0 55. 98 | 4,214. 16 | 4,378. 51 | advertising and marketing| 15,000| 10000| 10000| 10000| 10000| Rent| 630000| 630000| 630000| 630000| 630000| Insurance| 1000| 1000| 1000| 1000| 1000| interest| 13320| 13320| 13320| 13320| 13320| ncome – opex (for purposes of tax calculation)| (4,26,669)| 1,57,623 | 1,89,665 | 2,22,929 | 2,57,462 | Taxes| – | 42,558. 10 | 51,209. 42 | 60,190. 80 | 69,514. 82 | add back depreciation (non-cash expense)| 3069. 2| 3069. 2| 3069. 2| 3069. 2| 3069. 2| | | | | | | Net Cash Flows| (4,23,600)| 1,18,134 | 1,41,524 | 1,65,807 | 1,91,017 | * * * Highlights and Assumptions: * For this cash flow analysis, only operating activities are considered nd it is assumed that there are no investing and financing cash flows that may have material impact on the business * Average meal cost $4 in materials and labor, costs expected to increase about 4 percent a year — the same as increase in sales. From the sales forecast page, it is assumed that 1360 fami lies eat at the restaurant per week * Equipment cost depreciated over a 5 year period, on a straight line basis * Salaries assumed to grow at about 4 percent per year * Cost of benefits to increase at 4 percent – in proportion to salaries * Utility bills assumed to average out for the year and over the years * Given : 2. % of sales * 10% of following month's sales is given. For the whole year, assumed at 10% of the year's sales of food only. Vending machine sales not included * Assumed to be higher in the first year and then average out at lesser cost over the next 4 years * Rent assumed to be 15 dollars per sq foot * It is assumed that the entrepreneur take a 100k loan * Assumed tax rate to be 27 percent. Actual tax rate is slab-based and may vary * Includes all capex items except costs of registration and renovation expenses 4. 2 NPV Analysis * Interest rate| 15%| | | | | | | | | | |Year| 1| 2| 3| 4| 5| Cash Flow| (4,23,600)| 1,18,134 | 1,41,524 | 1,65,807 | 1,91,017 | PV f actor| 100%| 87%| 76%| 66%| 57%| PV of cash flow| (4,23,600)| 1,02,725 | 1,07,013 | 1,09,021 | 1,09,214 | Cumulative PV| (4,23,600)| (3,20,875)| (2,13,863)| (1,04,842)| 4,373 | Net Present Value| 4,373 | | | | | * * Highlights and Assumptions: * As can be seen from the above table, the net present value for the project is positive which shows that the project should be pursued. Interest rate of 15% has been taken for calculation, assuming that the project would be financed with debt taken at the rate * 4. 3 Rate of Return * Cost of Capital| 6%| | | | | | | | | | | Year| 1| 2| 3| 4| 5| | | | | | | Net Cash Flow| (4,23,600)| 1,18,134 | 1,41,524 | 1,65,807 | 1,91,017 | PV Factor| 100%| 94%| 89%| 84%| 79%| PV of net cash flow| (4,23,600)| 1,11,447 | 1,25,956 | 1,39,215 | 1,51,303 | Cumulative PV| (4,23,600)| (3,12,153)| (1,86,197)| (46,982)| 1,04,321 | Net present value| 1,04,321 | | | | | | | | | | IRR (Internal rate of return)| 15%| | | | | * * Highlights and Assumptions: * The projec t presents a rate of return on 15% which can said to be attractive, as against a cost of capital rate of 6% * 4. 4 Payback Period * Provide a screen shot of your Excel calculation of the payback period for this venture. * Year| 0| 1| 2| 3| 4| Cash Flow| (4,23,600)| 1,18,134 | 1,41,524 | 1,65,807 | 1,91,017 | Payback| NA| N/A| N/A| N/A| 2. 99| * * Highlights and Assumptions: * The project has a payback period of 2. 9 years, essentially it would pay back for itself in about three years’ time. * * 5. 0 Pro-Forma Financial Statements 5. 0 Pro-Forma Financial Statements * * In this section, the future financial statements of Papa Geo’s restaurant are presented based on certain assumed events and transactions. They are an active planning tool and tend to give an indication of the company’s performance in the future based on certain assumptions. * * Pro-Forma Income Statement | Year 1| Year 2| Year 3| Year 4| Year 5| |   |   |   |   |   |Total Sales| 938,944 | 1,561,492 | 1,622,390 | 1,685,664 | 1,751,404 | Total Variable costs| 657,337 | 699,718 | 727,663 | 756,725 | 786,948 | Contribution Margin| 281,607 | 861,774 | 894,727 | 928,938 | 964,456 | Total Fixed Costs| 708,276 | 704,152 | 705,062 | 706,009 | 706,994 | Total Income before Tax| (426,669)| 157,623 | 189,665 | 222,929 | 257,462 | Tax Expense| 0| 42558. 014| 51209. 41996| 60190. 80097| 69514. 82326| Net Income| (426,669)| 115,064 | 138,455 | 162,738 | 187,947 | * * Assumptions and Highlights: * This Pro Forma Income Sheet is prepared in Contribution format. A contribution income statement breaks costs down between variable costs and fixed costs. Contribution income statement is only an internal financial planning tool and cannot be assumed to reflect accounting norms or procedures like IFRS etc. * All sources for figures are the same as mentioned in Cash flow analysis (section 4. ) * Although salaries calculated are based on specifics given in the project description of Papa Ge o's, it is assumed that they will vary according to sales and that the company may hire or fire depending on business volumes * 5. 2 Pro-Forma Cash Flow Statement * Provide a screen shot of the cash flow statement and describe the impact of the budget on cash balances. * 5. 3 Pro-Forma Balance Sheets Provide a screen shot of your balance sheets, and describe key figures they contain. * 6. 0 Works Cited 6. 0 Works Cited Market Research portal: http://www. marketresearch. com/Mintel-International-Group-Ltd-v614/American-Families-Dining-6166418/ Restaurant. org: http://www. restaurant. org/tools/magazines/rusa/magarchive/year/article/? articleid=138 Wikipedia: http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/American_upper_class Ehow. com Soda-dispenser. com Coldtechcommercial. com Ebay tableschairsbarstools. com restaurant-services. com brightledsigns. com * * * 7. 0 Appendices 7. 0 Appendices * * NOTE: Start this section at the top of a new page. This section of the budget proposal is where youâ€℠¢ll attach all of the supporting materials that you’ve referenced in the preparation of your plan, and that is too detailed or extensive to be included in the body of the report. Use this page to separate the appendices from the text in the body of your report. Make certain that you update the table of contents to include the title of each exhibit in the appendix and its page number. 7. 1 Appendix 1: [put a description here] 7. 2 Appendix 1: [put a description here] 7. 3 Appendix 1: [put a description here] * *

Chemistry and Biotechnology

1. What specific topic did you choose to research and evaluate? I decided to conduct research on stem cells for medical use.2. List the resources that you used in your research of your topic.http://www.ama-assn.org//ama/pub/physician-resources/medical-science/genetics-molecular-medicine/related-policy-topics/stem-cell-research/basics-stem-cell-research.page http://stemcells.nih.gov/info/basics/pages/basics6.aspx3. Describe, in a few paragraphs, the biotechnology that you researched. How is it currently being used and/or what are the hopes for its use in the future?Stem cell research is a fairly new study which has gained a large amount of popularity lately. Stem cells are cells that have the potential to become specialized into different types of cells within the body. What this can do is help replace damaged cells with healthy new cells since stem cells are able to adapt to what is needed. The research going on is to discover how this can be used medically to help cure major disease s out there in the world.There are many ways to acquire stem cells. The most popular form is through the umbilical cord from the birth process. The other way to acquire this is through the bone marrow and from blood. Some other minor methods include germ cells or organs of an aborted fetus, embryos made by in vitro fertilization and mature adult tissue cells reprogrammed to behave like stem cells. Most commonly however, stem cells are acquired through bone marrow and umbilical cords.4. Describe the positive aspects of this biotechnology, being as specific as possible.The positive outcomes of this can include a wide variety of possibilities. This has the potential to create multiple cures for diseases such as Parkinson’s, Alzheimer’s, vision/hearing loss and much more. Also, if a soldier was to be wounded with a burn or fatal injury, stem cells may be able to repair these problems and help lower casualty and death rates in our military. In addition, with how convenient bone marrow can be found (seeing as every person has it), this can help those people, who are in need of stem cells, easily acquire it on such short notice.5. Describe the negative  aspects of this biotechnology, being as specific as possible.There is currently not enough research on stem cells to fully determine their potential as to what they can do. This is bad on both ends of the spectrum. If stem cells were to be proven useless, this would be considered a waste of time and money. If they prove to be extremely powerful and can transform into any cell possible, there may be talk that this kind of technology can be overwhelming. Overwhelming in the sense that what if these stem cells are powerful enough to make a brand new human being? What if people use these stem cells on themselves to make themselves look 21 years old until they die or remodel certain aspects of their body to make it so it fits their desire? It will be a sense of cheating out life by just getting the easy way out of a lot of issues. 6. Based on your research, what is your conclusion about whether or not this biotechnology should be used? Be sure to explain your answer.After conducting my own research I believe stem cells should have more research put into them to discover their complete potential. If proven to be used for medical reasons such as to cure certain diseases, this should definitely be implemented into the medical field (assuming there are no major side effects). This can be a huge advancement in the medical field and may be a breakthrough in saving many lives of dying individuals. I do believe that regardless of its potential, whether stem cells prove to be useful or useless, they should be kept away from the public and should only be kept in medical facilities and only used for medical purposes. I would not feel comfortable having people running around the streets with stem cells in their back pocket not knowing what they can do with them.

Charless Pen and Jesus Name

Charless Pen and Jesus Name Charless Pen and Jesus Name Charless Pen and Jesus Name By Maeve Maddox Commenting on When to Form a Plural with an Apostrophe, Luke S. raised another question: What gripes me . . . is the misuse of the apostrophe to form the possessive without the extra s: Charles pen needs correction to Charless pen. Ah, Luke, would it were so simple as that! Even the Chicago Manual of Style, so authoritative in so many ways, makes this observation on the use of the apostrophe to form the possessive: Since feelings on these matters sometimes run high, users of this manual may wish to modify or add to the exceptions. When I taught in England, the textbook I used gave the rule that ancient names ending in -s took only an apostrophe, while modern names took apostrophe s: Achilles heel, Jesus name, St. Jamess Park. This rule was no doubt derived from Fowler: It was formerly customary, when a word ended in -s to write its possessive with an apostrophe but no additional s, e.g. Mars hill, Venus Bath, Achilles thews. In verse, in poetic or reverential contexts, this custom is retained. ..But elsewhere we now add the s the syllable, Charless Wain, St Jamess not St James, Joness children. . . After many paragraphs setting forth the correct use of using the apostrophe to form various possessives, the CMS offers an alternative: Those uncomfortable with the rules, exceptions, and options outlined above may prefer the system, formerly more common, of simply omitting the possessive s on all words ending in s- hence â€Å"Dylan Thomas’ poetry,† â€Å"Maria Callas’ singing,† and â€Å"that business’ main concern.† Though easy to apply, that usage disregards pronunciation and thus seems unnatural to many. This apostrophe business is felt to be of such import that there has even been legislation on it: In February 2007 Arkansas historian Parker Westbrook successfully petitioned State Representative Steve Harrelson to settle once and for all that the correct possessive should not be Arkansas but Arkansass. Arkansass Apostrophe Act came into law in March 2007. ABC News [USA], 6 March 2007. Before you start making jokes about the priorities of the Arkansas legislature, know that no less august a body than the Supreme Court wrestled with apostrophe usage in 2006. Justice Thomas opinion was that whenever a singular noun ends in s, an additional s should never be placed after the apostrophe. The dissenting opinion was that an s should always be added after the apostrophe when forming a singular possessive, regardless of whether the nonpossessive form already ends in s. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Punctuation category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Comparative Forms of Adjectives60 Synonyms for â€Å"Trip†Phrasal Verbs and Phrasal Nouns

The Museum Essays - Museology, Types Of Museum, Museum, Ennigaldi

The Museum Essays - Museology, Types Of Museum, Museum, Ennigaldi The Museum An institution- conserves collection of artifacts and objects, artistic, cultural, historical, scientific Aims- serving researchers, specialists, and general public- goals shifting Digitization of information Purpose -Collect interpret and display items, education of the public, purposes can depend on ones pov -main role of the museum- storehouse of knowledge -1829 estate of James Smithson- Smithsonian Institution- "for the increase and diffusion of knowledge" -late 19th century- museums of natural history- consumption and order- all examples of each classification of a field of knowledge- the purpose, research and display- colleges develop their own natural history collection -museum purposes can vary from institution to collect interpret and display protect and preserve artifacts Most Visited Museums History -oldest museum in evidence c. 530 BC/BCE Ennigaldi-Naomi- devoted to Mesopotanian antiquities -Museum at Alexandria- 3rd century bc/bce Ptolemy I Soter- college of scholars and a library- more of a resmblence to a university or graduate institute -early museums- private collections of wealthy individuals, families, instituionsof art and rare natural objects and artifacts often displayed in wonder rooms or cabinets of curiositites- elite groups of individual became collectors of many different types of objects -idea was to consume and collect as much knowledge as possible and thenput in displays English museum from Latin originally from ancient Greek mouseion' Place or temple dedicated to the muses or a place for study a library Muses- nine goddesses who preside(spoke about) over literature, the arts and sciences -Prinecess Ennigaldi- Nanna daughter of Nabonidus last King of Babylonian Empire -Ur - southern Iraq -Ennigaldi- school administrator, ran a school for priestesses, museam curator -archaeologist Leonard Woolley excavated the ruins -in 18th century museum philosophy would begin to change- scholars of the Age of Enlightenment introduced organization and classification rather than random displays Oldest Public Museums Modern Museums -first public museums' middle and upper classes- British Museum 1759 -Ashmolean Museum, 1677- Elias Ashmole- University Of Oxford- first modern public Museum? -Louvre Museum 1793 French Revolution- first public museum in France -US museums- late 19th and 20th century Museum management -board of Trustees then the director -museum positions- curator, collections management/registrar, public programmer/educator-exhibition designer,building operators Museums Planning -planning the museum mission and the space to house the collection -John Cotton Dana - museum founder and librarian - series of books on founding of Newark Museum, early 20th century Dana emphasized committee first and researching out to the community Exhibition Design -process builds on an interpretive plan for an exhibit and determines the most effective, engaging, and appropriate methods of communicating a message or telling a story different types of museums: architectural-archeology-art-biographical-childrens-design-ethnology-maritime-memorial-militaryandwar-mobile-natural history-open air-pop up-science-zoological parks- and biotanic gardens

Proposal Argument (a problem that relates to your local community or Essay

Proposal Argument (a problem that relates to your local community or college campus and that you can provide a reasonable solution to) - Essay Example Core classes at ASU have a description that relates the competencies of the course and introduces the student to that subject as it is deemed a core competency for educated individuals. However, evolution has placed the economy in a turbulence that has redirected everything from education, to work and even the way the home is being operated. There is a shift in the way that business and home are functioning and this shift has to be prepared for on every level of life including the educational level. Although big business is one way of webbing the world together, it is a huge slice of the problem existing on an international scale in the business and well as the private sector. It is no secret that big business provide jobs, however they also slash the body of the economy with a gash that can not be mended with stitches or sutures. For example, examine the impact that a mega store such as Walmart has on a local economy. While it does provide convenient shopping, which in turn can provide cheaper prices, it is conglomerated of several small businesses which stifle the small business sector rendering the small business sector unable to compete. Along with knocking the small business out of the competitive ranks, it also provide jobs that may pay less than their counterpart small business would pay their employees which hurts the economy as well. According to the article, Wal-mart and County Wide Poverty by Stephen J. Goetz and Hema Swaminathan the low wages that Walmart pay their employees only contribute to the poverty level of that county in which that Walmart is located (3). Big business is the current wave of the economy and educational institutions must identify how to compete against big business and provide learning tools to spark the entrepreneur sector to fire up small business. Along with the return of small business, there should be a fundamental understanding that the inter-connected global economy is the wave of the future so there